African American Leader Malcolm X - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 431 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/25 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Malcolm X Essay Did you like this example? In 1946, Malcolm X and his friends were arrested of burglary, while Malcolm X was sentenced to 10 years in prison, but he was released on parole seven years after serving his sentence. During these seven years, Malcolm’s family and friends mentioned to him a Muslim religion, that advocated African Americans to self-reliance, which religious organization made Malcolm X interested. He decided to wrote to the leader of the Nation of Islam, Elijah Muhammad, but he spent seven years in prison, he found that he did not have enough words to write letters, so he began to read hard. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "African American Leader: Malcolm X" essay for you Create order He particularly praised Mao Zedong, because Mao Zedong advocated a violent revolution like him. Because there was a weekly debate in the prison, it makes Malcolm X became an outstanding speaker. After parole, since Malcolm X had already contacted Elijah in prison, Elijah appreciated him and let him become a pastor. He believed that Elijah was a saint in religion and morality. Malcolm X set an example for himself, proclaimed Islam to everyone, and he won the warm support of the African Americans. With his efforts, he soon became one of the leaders of the Nation of Islam. In 1963, Elijah Muhammad was accused by two Muslim female secretaries, saying that he was the father of four of their children. Malcolm X never thought that the saint who was enshrined by the African Americans had committed adultery. For his conscience and justice, he decided to leave Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X were two prominent African American leaders in the mid-20th century Civil Rights Movement, all of whom were assassinated at the age of 39. Martin Luther King advocates a nonviolent resistance, while Malcolm X advocates a violent resistance. However, the differences of thought between Martin Luther King and Malcolm X, only reflect the difference in the means of struggle. This two men led the Civil Rights Movement in the South and the North respectively, they jointly promoted the development of the Civil Rights Movement, and they make unremitting efforts for freedoms and equal rights of African Americans. After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X knew that he could not live for a long time, and he thought he had done his best for his people. His speech The Ballot or the Bullet was published on April 3, 1964. Just 10 months after the speech was published, on February 21, 1965, Malcolm X delivered a speech at the Audubon Ballroom in Manhattan, three gunmen suddenly rushed onstage and shot him with 15 times at close range. At this day, Malcolm X died.

Essay about Reasons behind Suicidal Terrorist Attacks

Emile Durkheims theory of suicide: Any form of public death--be it an execution, a disaster, a brutal murder, or a suicide--sends shockwaves through society and stimulates a great deal of emotion, especially among the witnesses. (44, Sociology in a Changing World) Suicide bombing, or suicidal terror, is an effective means of achieving political and psychological devastation to societies and cultures the world over. This violent tactic is the weapon of choice for Islamic militants seeking to undermine the American dominance in the 21st century. Obviously, the brutal acts appear to be the work of insane, desperate human beings. Nevertheless, many suicide bombers, such as those affiliated with al-Qaeda, are part of a middle class†¦show more content†¦Fueled by the prospect of becoming heroes and lacking the maturity to understand the dangers they are seeing, young Palestinians are easily provoked to enter into harms way. The children on the front lines of this uprising are not accidental. The Palestinian Authority (PA) has intentionally provoked children to drop their toys and pick up stones against the occupying forces of Israel. A number of Palestinian teenagers, some as young as 13 and 14 have gone on suicide missions because the societal conditioning has deceived children into believing that combat and a heroic Death for Allah are expected of them. The subject matter of the PA national curriculum and state-owned media coach the children into armed conflict. The objective; to irrevocably plant seeds of hatred into entire generations. The children are almost conditioned to take up collective behavior that conforms to violent ideological social movements. For many in the Palestinian society the one goal in life is death. The PA leadership consistently accuses Israel of violating human rights for the killing of innocent children while they are fully responsible for placing the children in the heat of the battle. This is a cynical attempt to undermine human rights tensions. How does one effectively protest on behalf of womens rights in a region where women areShow MoreRelated Terrorism Essay678 Words   |  3 Pagesbut is also known as anti-terrorism. The military is a great force in combating terrorism with specialist groups in nearly each branch of the armed forces. Prior to the September 11 attacks the United States Armed Forces worked hand in hand with NATO and the United Nations combating terror. However after these attacks, the United States Military has become a widely utilized entity on fighting terrorism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before even discussing anything about terrorism you have to have a broad understand ofRead MoreThe Day After 911: Changes of the United States963 Words   |  4 Pagesparticularly large reserves in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates. 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A woman who has an abortion faces medical complications such as: heavyRead MoreIsmalic Terrorist ´s Recruitment Essay1770 Words   |  8 Pagesdevelops and expands to a more complex form, so has recruitment tactics. Terrorist groups have taken great strides to successfully expand their organizations by recruiting in all corners of the globe. Most people do not wake up and decide to join a terrorist group. Recruitment is where it all begins; by examining recruitment processes into a terrorist organization, one can better understand how people enter, stay in, and leave terrorist organizations. 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These activities and attacks are prevailing like the cancer in the whole world that may be the most developed nations or the third world countries. In Pakistan Some attribute the terrorism and these terrorist activities to the political instability, economic conditions, standard of lives of the masses. yet others attribute it to the religiousRead MoreMunich Massacre6185 Words   |  25 Pagesthe main historical debates, perspectives or interpretations you will be discussing Discuss the role that West-German authorities played during the 1972 Munich Olympic crisis, specifically addressing their preparation prior to Black September’s terrorist, as well as their consequent actions and decisions made during the crisis. Primarily, assess whether criticisms of the West-German authorities’ handling and preparation of the 1972 Munich Massacre are valid, and thus justifiable. Focus Inquiry Question:Read MoreCan There Ever Be A Just War On Terror?2819 Words   |  12 Pagesthe sufficient use of force is acceptable to be used and no civilians are to be harmed during this war. (Anon,[n.d]a), The just war theory consists of two principles, Jus ad bellum and Jus in bello. Jus ad Bellum gives explanations as to different reasons why it could be deemed appropriate to go to war. In order for this principle to work, the state must have a just cause as to why they want to go to war. They must also have the right intentions, weight the probability of success for the outcome andRead MoreThe Effectiveness of the National Security Association (NSA) Essay1894 Words   |  8 PagesPresident Harry Truman. This program helped break Japanese and German codes during World War Two (Frequently Asked Questions About NSA). The NSA stepped up their technology department and adapted to modern technology after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. This is effective because the government can intercept more information more rapidly and much more efficiently. The National Security Association is part of America’s code-maker/code-breaker association. Meaning the government can break an yRead MoreEssay Portrayal of Arabs in Biased American Media2526 Words   |  11 Pagesbe able to recognize the impartial from the one-sided opinion, and in order to learn how language, images and videos work to create meaning, one should rely on the science of semiotics. This paper will apply a semiotic approach in analyzing the attacks directed to Arabs by some biased American Media outlets. The first part will deal with discourse and will explain some properties in language; the second part will be devoted to images and to their Machiavelli use in achieving meaning; in the third

Arauco expansion strategy proposal free essay sample

It has been 2 years sine the board approved the first phase of Nueva Aldea project. Nowadays, there are some different opinions about the second phase inside the company, to construct a new pulp mill or to forward integration into paper manufacturing? I will suggest you to continue investing on the new pulp mill because of three reasons, the high revenue of pulp product, the risk of failure in paper industry, and the increasing demand and price of pulp. First of all, it is obviously that Arauco keeps high profit in current industry. It is not necessary for Arauco to enter a new industry, especially the paper manufacturing. According to Sales Revenues report, the operating margin increased from 23% to 31.3% from year 2001 to 2003. On the contrary, the profit margin of the Top paper companies in 2002 arrange from -4% to 11.8%, most of which was around 1%-4%. By analyzing the profit data, we can find that even the highest profit margin of paper manufacturing is still much lower than Arauco’s. We will write a custom essay sample on Arauco expansion strategy proposal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a result, there is no reason for Arauco to step into paper manufacturing industry. Second, it will be very risky for Arauco to enter paper manufacturing. Through the history of Arauco, it has no experience in paper manufacturing. Besides, Arauco need to invest a huge number of money to build up paper mill. What’s more, from the low profit margin, we can find that the competition of paper manufacturing is already very intensive. Arauco will face the direct competition from both domestic and abroad. Since the paper market inside the country is not very big, Arauco need to export paper product to other areas, such as North America, Europe, and Asia. The high cost and high risk of paper transportation will hinder the success of Arauco’s paper business. Finally, the increasing demand and price of pulp provide a good chance and reason for Arauco to invest on its pulp business. According to the Credit Suisse analyst report, March 9, 2004, although the price of pulp decreased in the last three years, due to the increasing demand of paper consumption in future, the price of pulp will increase. Meanwhile, Arauco has already controlled its costs much lower than other pulp producers. If Arauco can sustain or improve its cost controlling methods, considering the stable cost of maintaining forest and  other operations, the increasing price of pulp will dramatically expand our profit margin. As a result, what Arauco needs to do is to develop new technology to make the cost even lower and to increase the production to fit the market demand in future. Arauco has already very successfully in forest management and pulp producing. In order to ensure the continuing success in future, Arauco should choose the horizontal expansion plan, constructing a new pulp mill, since the pulp business’s revenue is much higher than paper manufacturing, the entrance of paper manufacturing is very risk, and the increasing demand and price of paper will ensure the profit in pulp manufacturing.

South Korea Essays - Member States Of The United Nations, Republics

South Korea South Korea South Korea is officially known as Taehan Min'guk (Republic of Korea). This country is in northeastern Asia and occupies the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. South Korea is bounded on the north by North Korea; on the east by the East Sea (Sea of Japan); on the south bye the Korea Strait, which also separates it from Japan; and on the west by the Yellow Sea. It has a total area of 38,328 square miles, including many offshore islands in the south and west, and the largest is Cheju. The state of South Korea was established in 1948 succeeding the post-World War II distribution of the penisula between the occupying forces of the United States in the south and the Union of Soviet Republics (USSR) in the north. The capital of South Korea is Seoul which is also the largest city. The current version of the South Korean flag was adopted in 1984, but the basic design has been used since the country's founding is 1948. The Buddhist yin-yang symbol represents the unity of opposites, and the white background represents purity. The black markings symbolize three cycles, with opposites in each cycle opposing one another(reading clockwise from the upper left): summer, autumn, winter, spring, south, west, north, east, sky, moon, earth, and sun. South Korea is mainly a rugged, mountainous terrain. The principal range is the T'aebaek-sanmaek, which extends in a north-south direction parallel to the eastern coast. The country's highest peak, located on the island of Cheju, is Halla-san. Plains constitute less than one-fifth the total area and are mostly in the west along the coast the coastal plains in the east and south are very narrow. South Korea has a highly indented coastline characterized by high tidal ranges, the country's tow longest rivers, the Naktong and Han, rise in the T'aebaek-sanmaek, one flowing south to the Korea Strait and the other northwest to the Yellow sea. Other major rivers include the Kom, Yengsan, and Tongjin. South Korea has a continental climate, with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers. In Seoul the average January temperature range is 16 to 30 degrees F, and the average July temperature range is 70 to 84 degrees F. Winter temperatures are higher along the southern coast and considerably lower in the mountainous interior. The average precipitation in Seoul is 49in and in Pusan 54in. Rainfall is mostly in the summer months (June to September). The southern coast is subject to late summer typhoons that bring strong winds and heavy rains. Mixed deciduous and coniferous forests cover about three-quarters of the land, but have been lessened of use as fuel. Predominate species include pine, maple, elm, poplar, fir and aspen. Bamboo, laurel, and evergreen oak are found in the southern coastal areas. Large mammals, such as tigers, leopards, bears, and lynx, used to be common throughout the Korean Peninsula, but these animals have virtually disappeared form South Korea due to deforestation and poaching. The population of South Korea (1997 estimate) is 45,948,811. The country's population density of 1199 people per sq. mi. is one of the highest in the world. The majority of the population lives in the southern and western coastal areas. South Korea like North Korea is one of the most ethnically homogeneous countries in the world. Aside from a resident foreign population of about 55,000 , mostly Chinese, the country has no racial or linguistic minorities. Because of the mixed racial character of the present-day Korean population, it is believed that the ancestors of the Koreans included immigrants from the northern part of the Asian mainland. The national language, Korean, is believed by some scholars to be a member of the Altaic language family. It is similar to Japanese in grammar, but it contains many borrowed Chinese words. Korean is written in a phonetic script known as Han'gol from the colonial period and most educated Koreans can read English, which is taught in all secondary schools. In 1995 nearly one-half of the people in South Korea did not claim a religion. Buddhism claimed more adherents than any other religion in South Korea. Confucianism, which is more a moral philosophy than a religion, is a more prominent element in Korean life than its somewhat small

M&Ms Essays - Candy, MMs, American Brands, Mars, Incorporated

M&M's Whenever I get a package of plain M&Ms, I make it my duty to continue the strength and robustness of the candy as a species. To this end, I hold M&M duels. Taking two candies between my thumb and forefinger, I apply pressure, squeezing them together until one of them cracks and splinters. That is the loser, and I eat the inferior one immediately. The winner gets to go another round. I have found that, in general, the brown and red M&Ms are tougher, and the newer blue ones are genetically inferior. I have hypothesized that the blue M&Ms as a race cannot survive long in the intense theatre of competition that is the modern candy and snack-food world. Occasionally I will get a mutation, a candy that is misshapen, or pointier, or flatter than the rest. Almost invariably this proves to be a weakness, but on very rare occasions it gives the candy extra strength. In this way, the species continues to adapt to its environment. When I reach the end of the pack, I am left with one M&M, the strongest of the herd. Since it would make no sense to eat this one as well, I pack it neatly in an envelope and send it to M&M Mars, A Division of Mars, Inc., Hackettstown, NJ 17840-1503 U.S.A., along with a 3x5 card reading, Please use this M&M for breeding purposes. This week they wrote back to thank me, and sent me a coupon for a free 1/2 pound bag of plain M&Ms. I consider this grant money. I have set aside the weekend for a grand tournament. From a field of hundreds, we will discover the True Champion. There can be only one. Sports and Games

Free Essays on Carl Rogers

Gudoo! Don’t you have any manners? You are eating like an animal!† slap! â€Å"Look at the time!† slap! â€Å"Is it the time to play?† â€Å"If you don’t study you will become one of the street beggars!† â€Å"How many times have I told you not to run around the house? Now I won’t let you out of your room for two hours!† How many times have the parents around the world used these kinds of statements and spankings to â€Å"train† their children? To teach them â€Å"manners† And the results of such kind of â€Å"training†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.is a mystery to them. In the above example â€Å"Gudoo† has a self concept that he is a good, energetic child, who wants to become a famous cricketer. But due to his parents’ over guidance and lack of approval in the type of profession and things he’d like to choose, the child will have to revise his self-image and values somehow. He may decide that he is a bad boy for not wanting what his parents want; he may decide that his parents do not like him; or he may decide that he is ill mannered, he shouldn’t be so energetic, and that he is not interested in cricket after all. Effects of Compulsion Any of the forgoing choices will distort the child’s reality, for he is not bad, and his parents do like him, he is energetic, and he does want to become a cricketer. If he continues to do this sort of thing as his values are undervaluing and disapproving by others his self will end up divided against itself .He will feel as if he does not really know what he is and what he wants and he will be tense, uncomfortable, and out of sorts. For example, if a parent insists that a child behave like a â€Å"nice little boy† in order to receive love and affection, the child will begin to value experience in terms of the parental image of â€Å"niceness† rather than in terms of his own individual reaction to them. Instead of being free to discover how it would feel to say a â€Å"naughty† word, put a cockroach in ... Free Essays on Carl Rogers Free Essays on Carl Rogers Carl Rogers Carl Rogers was born January 8. 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois. His father was a successful civil engineer and his mother was a housewife. He did not start school until the second grade because he was able t o read before kindergarten. When Carl was 12, his family moved to a farm about 30 miles west of Chicago where he spent the rest of his adolescence. His parents were strict on him and made him do many chores. This is how he became rather isolated and self-independent. Carl went on to the University of Wisconsin as an agriculture major. Then, later, he switched his studies to religion to become a minister. During this time, he went to Beijing for the â€Å"World Student Christian Federation Conference† for six months. There he decided that with all his new experiences and broadened thinking that he began to doubt some of this basic religious views. After he graduated, he married Helen Elliot, moved to New York City, and began attending the Union Theological Seminary, a famous liberal religious institution. While there, he took a student organized seminar called â€Å"Why am I entering the ministry?† which caused him to â€Å"think his way right out of religious work.† Rogers switched to the clinical psychology program at Columbia University, and received his Ph. D. in 1931. He had already began his clinical work at the Rochester Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. At this clinic, he learned about Otto Rank’s theory and therapy techniques, which started him on the road to developing his own theory. He was offered a full professorship at Ohio State in 1940. In 1942, he wrote his first book, Counseling and Psychotherapy. Then, in 1945, he was invited to set up a counseling center at the University of Chicago. It was while working there that in 1951 he published his major work, Client-Centered Therapy, in which he outlines his basic theory. In 1957, he returned to teach at the University... Free Essays on Carl Rogers Gudoo! Don’t you have any manners? You are eating like an animal!† slap! â€Å"Look at the time!† slap! â€Å"Is it the time to play?† â€Å"If you don’t study you will become one of the street beggars!† â€Å"How many times have I told you not to run around the house? Now I won’t let you out of your room for two hours!† How many times have the parents around the world used these kinds of statements and spankings to â€Å"train† their children? To teach them â€Å"manners† And the results of such kind of â€Å"training†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.is a mystery to them. In the above example â€Å"Gudoo† has a self concept that he is a good, energetic child, who wants to become a famous cricketer. But due to his parents’ over guidance and lack of approval in the type of profession and things he’d like to choose, the child will have to revise his self-image and values somehow. He may decide that he is a bad boy for not wanting what his parents want; he may decide that his parents do not like him; or he may decide that he is ill mannered, he shouldn’t be so energetic, and that he is not interested in cricket after all. Effects of Compulsion Any of the forgoing choices will distort the child’s reality, for he is not bad, and his parents do like him, he is energetic, and he does want to become a cricketer. If he continues to do this sort of thing as his values are undervaluing and disapproving by others his self will end up divided against itself .He will feel as if he does not really know what he is and what he wants and he will be tense, uncomfortable, and out of sorts. For example, if a parent insists that a child behave like a â€Å"nice little boy† in order to receive love and affection, the child will begin to value experience in terms of the parental image of â€Å"niceness† rather than in terms of his own individual reaction to them. Instead of being free to discover how it would feel to say a â€Å"naughty† word, put a cockroach in ...

Ammianus Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ammianus - Assignment Example Gestae 31.4 the preferable perspective is that the battle was roman induced against Gothic since they were not settled and suffered hardships in the process of getting used to the Roman system. In support of this perspective, Ammianus’ Res Gestae 31.4 argues that the battle began in 376 after the death of Christ; the Goths after being displaced decided to get refuge in the Roman Empire. This is in the hope that they would get used to farming and become soldiers. On reaching the empire, the Gothic began revolts led by Lupinicus and Maximus since they were undergoing hardships in the hands of the Romans. As a result of these attacks by Gothic, the Roman emperor in 378 after death of Christ decided to retaliate with reinforcement from his allies and the Gothic claimed for some Roman territory in order to stop the battle. This made the emperor furious and combined the army into seven legions composed of war veterans. They aimed at capturing and enslaving the Gothic and to take over the lost territories (Ammianus’ Res Gestae 31.4) Ammianus’ Res Gestae 31.4 describes this perspective as preferable since there is evidence that the Gothic tried to take over the Roman Empire as a result of the hardships they went through. This came in a bid to stop the harshness that they were receiving from the Romans who were supposed to offer homage to the

Pick a topic based on the assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pick a topic based on the assignment - Essay Example This he meant a spiritual and perhaps political leader who guides and instructs his Muslim brothers to fulfill the tasks given by Allah. In essence, it was a question of his morality. The life he had in the United States -- full of racial slur, anti-Islamic sentiment, etc. -- drove him to ponder the most important riddle that involves his humanity, religion, and conscience. Lippman was correct to say that man’s conscience grows with his social condition (101). Opposed to static, hard, or vessel-like morality, Qutb’s conscience was radically changed when he witnessed the decline of faith and virtue in the highly urbanized society. With that experience, he was transformed in spirit and mind. Qutb was also a writer. He wrote doctrines that created a significant ripple in the Muslim world. Qutb’s writing basically reflects his ideas and reflections about life, faith, and spirituality. Further, his personal journal substantially shows the ever changing content and deg ree of passion of his mindset and belief. The writings of Qutb, especially his diary entries, were meant for himself: the evaluation of the self. Confusion and chaos were not alien to the Islamic scholar. Immersed in a somewhat â€Å"sinful† world, Qutb’s mind was not a solid vessel but a fluid matter -- requiring himself to form and reform his ideals and perspective.

Restoration & Recovery Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Restoration & Recovery Plan - Essay Example Interconnected capabilities of information systems allow system operators instant feedback from an inquiry. Moreover, their interconnectedness provides added resources as they provide links to other databases with critical information. For those with harmful intentions, the interconnectivity of public safety systems represents an opportunity. One vile or deleted piece of information can easily infiltrate and corrupt or lock an entire system’s operations and subsequently infect connected systems. It is believed that government systems may become targets of attack (Wilmot, 2004; Wilson, 2003). Instead of using explosives, terrorists may resort to the destructive effects of data packets. According to Lieutenant General Kenneth A. Minihan, groups harboring hostility towards the United States are currently developing â€Å"offensive information warfare capabilities† (Wilcot, 2004, p. 284) making government computers and information systems targets (Wilson, 2003). As a connected subsidiary of the federal government (SafirRosetti, 2006), the Fort Lauderdale Police Department of Florida FLPD and its information systems are equally susceptible to attacks. The Fort Lauderdale Police Department implements several strategies to combat imminent attacks against information systems; however, its strategies require added forethought and planning. Though the risks of information systems is known among systems operators, protection plans are far and few between. Scarce time is invested into the protecting systems. Wilcot (2004) points out the haphazard security of information systems: â€Å"In most agencies, security is relegated to someone in the information services (IS) department, who usually has many other duties.† (p 291) To ensure the safety of its information systems, FLPD relies on its staff (SafirRosetti, 2006) and the administrative department of the Risk Management Division (BCL). The person in charge of

Strengths and Weaknesses of Crime Statistics and Victimisation Surveys

Strengths and Weaknesses of Crime Statistics and Victimisation Surveys Rates of crime are recorded using two key sources; Police Recorded Crime (PRC) and Victimisation Surveys. Both will be explored and examined to see how they can, effectively assist policy makers in targeting areas for change. In addition the advantages and disadvantages of each method will be discussed along with their similarities and differences. To understand why it is important to record crime levels, three key notions must be clarified. Firstly, crime is legally defined as any act or omission outlawed by the criminal law and thus punishable (Odgers,1911). Secondly, the purpose of the judicial system is to enforce the law and protect victims of crime. Thirdly, criminal guilt relates to premeditated intention. Universal law is non-existent; therefore each country or locality has its own legal system. The shared aim is to hold person/s accountable for their behaviour. Substructures of the judiciary may focus on specific areas of interest. These may include the courts, and penal system and constabulary. The role of the courts and penal system is specific. It is in place to serve and protect the innocent, to pass judgement on the guilt or innocence of persons presented and to serve a proportionate punishment in response to the criminal act committed. Any form of justice served must remember the civil liberties of all concerned, including the offender. Crime prevention and law enforcement are a separate division provided by the constabulary. The term criminal guilt stems from two fundamental Latin principles. These are actus reus which translates as bad act and mens rea guilty mind. The accused must be found to have committed actus reus with the willing intention to perpetrate the act and/or to have assessed the risk i.e. accident or fear may be experienced as a direct result of the action (Dubber, Markus D. (2002). Few exceptions to being found guilty of one of these alone exist, these concern whether a person can be fully answerable for their actions. Examples of mens rea without actus reus can relate to crimes, where although the action is deemed illegal, the act may not have the deliberate intention to harm another. Examples of this could involve driving at excessive speed, an act of accidental manslaughter or self-defence. (law.jrank.org) Two comparable sources are used to measure crime rates within the UK. Police recorded crime measures the volume of notifiable offences committed over a fixed period, within the jurisdiction that the constabulary serves. Crime-related statistics are obtained at request of the British Home Office, where they are collated, analysed, and published throughout the year. The figures provide the government and the public with a summarised account of the information obtained. They aim to reveal and compare crime rates within specific localities. They are also used to demonstrate the effectiveness of policing. This information can be used to suggest areas for improvement and assist in the constant struggle to prevent crime occurring. The second method that is utilised, verifies the extent to which crime is perpetrated and is a valuable tool when combatting crime. Victimisation surveys; primarily recognised as the British Crime Survey (BCS) is a form of crime-related statistical research that was established in 1982. It was introduced in response for an alternative complementary system to exist alongside using police records alone. It aimed to gather intelligence on the public attitudes towards crime and their opinions relating to the judicial system. Although operationally independent from any government body, the BCS is still conducted for the British Home Office (First BCS report, Hough and Mayhew, 1983). The survey confidentially canvasses in the region of forty to fifty thousand individuals (Office for National Statistics, 2005) to uncover various information relating to crime-related experiences, including anti-social behaviour and police interaction and response to criminal activity. The people questioned span various demographics and aim to be representative of society. They are interviewed anonymously via door to door visits or telecommunications. Police recorded crime statistics are easy to conduct and provide a good measure of criminal cases both regionally and nationally. Because the statistics are compiled from police reports readily available, the only additional cost incurred involves the information being sent, analysed and evaluated. Over time re-occurring inclines and declines in illegal behaviour can be identified and used when analysing patterns of crime, in particular to risk assess, highlight and tackle crime hotspots. Crime statistics can also indicate the workload and performance level of police forces throughout the country.  [1]   An indication of a reduction in crime related incidents could boost public morale. If necessary the findings could influence change surrounding governing policy. For example, the allocation or re-allocation of specific resources within a police department could lead to a more efficient service. Identifying the need to place patrol officers where the greatest street crime occurs would be one way to maximise effectiveness of the police service. Unless a crime has been reported to the police and they have classified it as criminal it will not be included. This means that all minor misdemeanours that would be trialled as summary offences in court such as, crimes relating to anti social behaviour, assault, disorderly conduct and criminal trespass, along with most either-way offences for example theft and drug offences are excluded from being recorded  [2]  . This highlights one of the main failings of this form of data collection as it leads to discrepancies when analysing the results, especially when comparing between PRC and victimisation surveys. Data collection and recording of PRC statistics are affected by the regulations implemented by the current governing body  [3]  . The results uncovered may point to a rise in criminal acts being committed. This could have a negative impact on society. As a result the published findings could become biased and used as propaganda to mislead people into believing that crime rates are more favourable than factual. In some situations the volume of crime could be falsely recorded to meet performance and administrative targets (Chambliss, 2001). This is in direct contradiction of providing a good service to the public. British crime surveys are independent from government reports and not affected by changes in how crime is reported and documented. They play an important role in serving the public interest and governing change and policy. They provide a better indication relating to long-term trends of crime within society  [4]  , in particular highlighting crimes which affect different sociological groups. For example, crimes against women and those which affect minority groups such as the vulnerable, mentally ill, the disadvantaged and ethnic minorities. The BCS provides statistics which demonstrate the extent to which crime occurs. It accounts for minor offences, antisocial behaviour and victimless crime such as fraud. It also includes household and personal crime which may not be otherwise reported or deemed a criminal act  [5]  . The BCS is constantly changing to adapt to new concerns affecting society  [6]  . Recent expansion has seen the inclusion of acts committed against minors such as gadget theft which has seen a vast increase as technology advances; however this is only in the testing stage and is yet to be fully implemented. It has also seen the inclusion of crimes relating to identity theft  [7]  . The confidential method of surveying is flexible and can reach a wide proportion of people. Interviews conducted may take place at home, by visiting door to door or over the telephone. This can motivate people to openly speak their mind about their experiences and concerns. It may also lead to the discussion of topics of a sensitive nature for example, being the victim of racially incited or homophobic hate crimes, which they may not have wanted to report. This may be due to shame, embarrassment, a fear of repercussions or not being believed or taken seriously by the police service  [8]  . Over all the BCS appears to paint a broader picture of how a variety of crime-related issues really affect a range of varied people. Perhaps this is because they take the initiative and seek to learn more. Shortcomings surrounding this form of canvassing is that it is very costly to conduct, not only in man power but also time and resources. The effectiveness is questionable as the results gathered rely on a persons honesty and personal insight in to how they have been affected which may provide exaggerated responses or false information. The BCS also excludes the recording of commercial crimes and heinous crime such as murder. However, the Commercial Victimisation Survey and the Offending Crime and Justice Survey are both in place to ensure that crimes outside the boundaries of the BCS are still accounted for  [9]  . In summary, I have explored both methods used to research crime statistics and outlined the strengths and weaknesses of each. For example, The BCS relies on the respondents personal view of the effect of crime. PRC assumes that crime is always reported. Both methods are dependent on the classification of crime. Victimisation surveys fail to provide an accurate depiction of society. This is because surveys of this form assume that people interviewed can and will provide a reliable version of events. An effective source of information can not solely rely on the integrity and factual representation of those it surveys. Individual perception can vary hugely, and factors such as differences between living in a rural versus urban location and coming from differing socio-economic backgrounds can lead to ambiguous results. For example, certain groups of people may be targeted more or less than indicated. If these variables are not taken in to account then the measure of crime rates could be distorted and the overall findings in relation to the sample population unfounded. Overall it can be seen that both the BCS and PRC are adequate methods for collecting information. When trying to measure crime the most effective method is to examine BCS and PRC together as the results combined provide a more com prehensive picture of how crime really affects society.

Morisson v. Olson :: Ethics in Government Act

Facts: The Ethics in Government Act created the position of independent counsel to investigate certain high officials of the federal government. When matters arise which may warrant such counsel, the Attorney General of the United States may investigate the allegations. If he finds reason, he may instruct the Special District Court to appoint an independent counsel. This individual may be removed only by the Attorney General upon ?good cause? and the position may be terminated only by the Special District when it decides the investigation has been completed. Upon recommendation from the Attorney General, independent counsel Alexia Morrison was assigned by the Special Division to investigate Assistant Attorney General Theodore Olson. Ms. Morrison requested that the Attorney General additionally refer her to investigate Deputy Attorney General Schmults and Assistant Attorney General Dinkins. The Attorney General denied the request. The Division decreed that the decision of the Attorney Genera l was final, but that the terms of the act were broad enough to allow Ms. Morrison to investigate anyway as to if Olson could have conspired with Schmults and Dinkins. Ms. Morrison had all three gentlemen subpoenaed. All three moved to have the subpoenas quashed, claiming that the independent counsel provisions of the Ethics in Government Act, that act which established the office of the independent prosecutor, were unconstitutional. Issues: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is the appointment of an independent counsel, an executive branch officer, by the judicial branch unconstitutional? 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do the powers vested in the Special Division by the Act conflict with Article III of the Constitution? 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is the Act is invalid under the constitutional principle of separation of powers? a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Does the provision of the Act restricting the Attorney General's power to remove the independent counsel to only those instances in which he can show "good cause," taken by itself, impermissibly interfere with the President's exercise of his constitutionally appointed functions? b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Does the Act reduce the President's ability to control the prosecutorial powers wielded by the independent counsel? Decision: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No Reasoning: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Congress has Constitutional authority to give courts the power to appoint certain executive branch positions. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Appointments Clause of Article II allows Congress to ?vest the Appointment of?inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.? b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The independent counsel is an inferior office. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She is subject to removal by a higher executive branch official. ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her duties are limited. iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She must comply whenever possible with the policies of the Department of Justice. iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her jurisdiction is limited. v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her position is limited in tenure.

Murders in the Rue Morgue

Edgar Allen Poe is considered the father of the modern mystery novel as well as a premier short story writer and poet. While it may not be â€Å"CSI†, his novella â€Å"Murders in the Rue Morgue† also discussed rudimentary forensics with detectives discovering that hair left on the murder victims is not human. Not bad for a guy born almost 200 years ago. Poe was the son of an actress, born in Boston in 1809. He attended the University of Virginia after being raised by the Allen family after his mother dies.In his short life, Poe developed a drinking and drug habit (Wilson) and his love to disease. Poe lived only 40 years, but was prolific, writing some of the best-known horror short stories of all time. Most children grow up shivering to the tales of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Pit and the Pendulum† and as adults, the equally chilling tales of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"Hop-Frog† inspire horror. His gothic writing s tyle created horror and love with a deep atmosphere, with poems like â€Å"Annabelle Lee†.And, stories like â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† are both social and historical commentary on the plight of the plague victims. His poem â€Å"The Conqueror Worm† also talks about the struggle of good versus evil. Part of the appeal of the works of Poe is that he is so diverse. Though best known for the poem â€Å"The Raven†, stories like â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue† show the diversity of his abilities. The ability to write mystery stories and horror is not a given and his works gave rise to ideas that would later become the industry standard.For example, the idea of hiding in plain sight developed out of the short story â€Å"The Purloined Letter†. The very concept of forensics was introduced in the â€Å"Rue Morgue† and Poe was also a major force in the development of the detective novel. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of Poeâ €™s life and works was that his life was marred by tragedy. His lover, a cousin, died within two years of their marriage and his mother died while he was young. His dark and tragic life is blamed and credited for his genius.Whether his poetry can be put down to the fleeting fantasy of laudanum induced hallucinations or the words of a tortured soul, no one can say. What we can say is that Poe is one of the first truly great American writers. WORKS CITED Girando, Robert. â€Å"Welcome to PoeStories. Com† http://www. poemuseum. org/, October 29, 2007. â€Å"Poe Museum† , October 29, 2007. Wilson, James Southall. â€Å"Poe’s Life† http://www. poemuseum. org/poes_life/index. html, October 29, 2007.

Unit 6 PC Example

Unit 6 PC Example Unit 6 PC – Coursework Example Adding Value Head There are different values that seller can produce for the success of a project. However, the field in which the project takes place offers the baseline for the criteria that the sellers can offer. For the particular project in the case, there is the provision of carnival services at the Interstate fair. One of the critical values involves asking the sellers to demonstrate the manner in which some of the gadgets and structures are set up. With this, there is the ease in setting up the carnivore ground with limited use of the sellers. Another criterion that the sellers may offer and prove effective for the project is the provision of assistants and backup. The success of a carnivore greatly has the presentation to acknowledge and thus the sellers ought to assist us with well-known carnivore players in order to have the visitors to the fair pleased (Waddock, 2012). After getting quality service in terms of value from my seller and supplier, I would ensure that I recip rocate this to the customers. One of the best ways through which I can do this is by raising the price that the customers get upon winning in a certain competition. Another way through which I can increase value with regard to appreciation of the customers is by offering bonuses. Upon the completion of some of the tasks in the carnivore, one of the best ways to reward the children is by having them receive free rides and get a chance to watch free shows. With this, it is assured that the customers will get satisfaction and will remain loyal when the next carnivore takes place. ReferenceWaddock, S. (2012). Building the Responsible Enterprise. London: Oxford University Press

Mozart Review essays

Mozart Review essays Listening Analysis: Mozarts Mass in C Minor Mozarts Mass in C Minor, also known as The Great Mass, is a large multi-movement piece of sacred music. I picked this piece because I particularly enjoyed the part commonly known as Et incarnates and I wanted to focus on this solo. The Great Mass was written for both vocals and orchestra, and contains vocal soloists. The entire Mass orchestration consists of a flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani, three trombones, a string section, and an organ. The choir consists of four sections, soprano, alto, tenor, bass, and four soloists; two sopranos, one tenor and one bass. The particular section I am focusing on, Et incarnates, is a solo section for a mezzo-soprano. The orchestration consists of violins, violas, two horns, and an oboe. Et incarnates has a ternary form including an intro and a coda. Et incarnates has an Andante moderato tempo, which means it was at a walking to medium pace. It sounds very joyous, and the words of praise that are sung ref lect this upbeat tempo. It has a 4/4 meter, and that remains fairly steady through all sections. The melody is conjunctive, so the notes are all closer together, almost in a step-like motion. The harmony of Et incarnates is consonant, so the pitches blend well with one another, as well as with the melody. The intro to Et incarnates is orchestration only. It begins with the violins and violas for the first two measures. Then the horns pick up with the same tune that the violins and violas were playing. It is upbeat and has almost a skip-along feel to it. The first and third section begins with a mezzo-soprano soloist singing to the same skip-along feel that is in the intro. The violins are in the background and after the soloist is done singing, the violins mimic what she sang. The violins and violas create a b...

THE YIELD CURVE AND THE ECONOMIC INDICATION Essay

THE YIELD CURVE AND THE ECONOMIC INDICATION - Essay Example The paper goes ahead to examine the yield curve of the USA and the Australia. This paper is divided into two sections. Section a answers the task one and section be answers task two. Section A Introduction The economic analysis in the international world has been witnessing many fluctuations and changes over the years. To access and analyze and even predict these economic fluctuations and changes, economics have been put to task on coming up with the techniques of making economic predictions. Interest rates are factored in as one of the indicators of economic changes globally. They can therefore be for a short term and for long term as well. These interest rates changes give a good prediction on future market trend for instance a three year borrowing of a company which will be influenced by the central bank rates of borrowing and therefore being necessary to analyze the interest rates to see their input into the economy whether positively or negatively. These interest rates basically have a very significant effect on any company or industry economically. The interest rates are never constant and these changes fluctuate from the short term interest rates to the long term interest rates. These changes are well explained in the yield curve. The yield curve is the best indicator of economic activities and it is therefore necessary to have better understanding of this for the benefit of explaining the economic trend. In this paper therefore I will give a critical look at the Yield curve and as well the different types of yield curves and their effect on the economy globally. Yield curve The simplest way to define interest rate is that it is the amount charged on the money borrowed. This comes in form of rates and the maturity amount. The rate is the timely amount given before the actual payment as per the agreement of the borrower and the bank. The maturity amount is the total amount paid after the period given for the repayment of the l oan elapses. The yield curve is the representation of the interest that is representation of the long term and short term interest rates. It’s used to refer to the maturity of borrowings in the banking sector. This curve is plotted by using the interest rates and the maturity period. This curve provides a very crucial basis for the governments to evaluate their economies. It is very basic for the determination of the current and future economic status of a particular economy. It is used for the determining of many financial derivatives like lending rate and mortgages for borrowers. The analysis of the economy of a country will requires the inclusion of the yield curve so as to make it all conclusive. Types of yield curves There are various types of yield curve and it is worth looking at each of these 1. Upward sloping yield curve, This type of a curve is mostly used to show the inflation in the economy. It shows that there is a probability of inflation rising over the followi ng years. It can also

Take two states and compare their juvenile justice systems Research Paper

Take two states and compare their juvenile justice systems - Research Paper Example When they enter the system it’s a totally new ballgame for them. They come in proximity of those adults who have already committed crime. This can exert a negative effect on the young. Juvenile justice system has also criticized on the grounds of less interactive, lack of respect for the defaulter, lack of inputs which could persuade or give a fair chance to the defaulter to correct his or her fault encouraging them to take a right course of action (Glass, 2012, pp. 1-5). Juvenile justice, as mentioned, varies from state to state and each state has its own jurisdiction for such system. It has been said by the authors that the juvenile justice system in California is not racially neutral. This was one of the worst drawbacks which the California juvenile justice system suffered. The decision points suffered from the effect of race. The authors emphasized that, â€Å"Minority youth are more likely than the majority youth to become involved in the system†. There were severa l issues that needed to be directed based on this system. In comparison with the adult criminal justice, the juvenile justice lacked supervision and review. On the contrary it had also been found that in the juvenile justice system there had been cases which witnessed no disparity amongst the young defaulter. But when inequalities prevailed it involved either large differentiation at some point of stage in the system or else followed a sequence of accumulations of comparatively minor divergences in processing with a moderately hefty net effect. Moreover the system prevailed in California was volatile in nature which allowed the disparity in the system. The system lacked an analytical model which desirably would simplify the problems existed within the system (Pope & William, July 1995, pp. 1-15). However in the light of the above mentioned critic, the juvenile justice system in California was subjected to some recommendation which, if implemented, would help it to become a system wi th more fluidity. It lacked a systematic monitoring which if developed would facilitate the processing at each stage of the juvenile justice. Introduction of research program was suggested. Consideration in training and development of the staffs of the system was highly suggested which would make improvement in dealing with minor offenders. Critical examination at local stages, if implemented, would lower the gap between the minority and majority youth. Restructuring of laws in the juvenile justice was advised where problems of inequalities prevailed. Workshop for the youth psychoanalysis might help them to come out of mental disorder if any. The jurisdiction itself was suggested to be strengthened enough to carefully evaluate the decision making at every stage and should make a note of the thing that their dealings were with the minors with an derailed mindset, but not with the criminals (Pope & William, July 1995, pp. 19-20). In this contrast author Muncie, 2008, said, â€Å"Juve nile justice systems throughout America now give greater weight to punishment as an end in itself† (Muncie, 2008, pp. 3). A comparative analysis can be done by comparing the juvenile justice laws prevailing in Florida. In contrast with California juvenile justice law the Florida law was less flexible and followed extreme consequences. In many cases it was noted that the victims were tried in adult court and received imprisonment for life. The psychoanalysis part was not at all strengthened in the Florida law, rather

How Can We Get More Out of Work (and Maybe Life) Assignment

How Can We Get More Out of Work (and Maybe Life) - Assignment Example To expound on the discussion of rationality, Brubaker (1984) provided an overview through applications in capitalism and calculability. Capitalism was described as based on the continuous drive to arrive at a maximized or optimized level towards the ultimate goal of profit making. Modern society was noted to be driven by social and economic factors based on rational decision-making processes that ultimately aim to optimize the use of resources and get the most out of life and of work. As asserted, the application of market exchange, monetary calculation and capital accounting exemplify effective use of rationalization in terms of quantifying inputs or factors that assist individuals in making responsible decisions. From one’s perspective, the concept of rationalization aids in current or future employment through access to resources and means that assist in making decisions regarding jobs, or life in general. The fact was corroborated by Ritzer (1993) who emphasized that formal rationality, defined as the technique or approach resorted to by people to search for a most viable course of action, from a set of alternative courses, is premised on regulations, rules or factors that abound in social structures. For instance, in searching for employment, contemporary societies have designed access to sources of jobs through academic institutions, private or public organizations publishing positions open for employment, and employment agencies. All of these institutions set qualifications, requirements for employment, and processes to be followed by prospective job applications. Likewise, the government, through the Department of Labour, has institutionalized laws and regulations that prescribe minimum wages, benefits and other equal employment opportunities to prevent discrimination.

Television media, war and truth Essay Example for Free

Television media, war and truth Essay An informed public is the cornerstone of modern society. An informed public during wartime leads to a healthy democracy. Though the media shares a special connection with wartime reporting, disseminating information of major news value, it often keeps the truth masked and reality covered. The media establishment profited by periods of rapid technological change through the 1970s and 80s, and as television reporting grew sophisticated, concepts of truth and reality were shaped by the immediacy of visual content. This essay, in light of the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, and Iraq War, will outline how the impact of television coverage during wartime, political manoeuvring, and the atrophy of journalistic standards, has shaped our view of reality and truth. Television coverage of the Vietnam War, as the first televised war, reached audiences around the world. Conflicts of interest between journalistic integrity and nationalistic sentiments served to undermine the medias coverage of the war. The Washington Post announced on Aug. 5, 1964 American Planes Hit North Vietnam After Second Attack on Our Destroyers; Move Taken to Halt New Aggression. Subsequently the New York Times reported President Johnson has ordered retaliatory action against gunboats and certain supporting facilities in North Vietnam after renewed attacks against American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. Though there was no evidence of a second attack by North Vietnam, President Johnson in a speech delivered on Aug. 4, 1964 earned plaudits from the New York Times editorial staff by proclaiming: (they) went to the American people last night with the somber facts.; By reporting claims from Administration officials as absolute truths, American media opened the gates to a bloo dy Vietnam war1. Though the Tet offensive (North Vietnamese soldiers swept through more than one hundred Southern Vietnamese cities) left the U.S victorious, media portrayal was negative. The medias hidden agenda dotted television reportage helping sway public opinion against the war. Television images usurped factual news stories relegating experienced reporters to bystanders and caption writers2. Personal commentary saturated television coverage with statistics pointedly showing an erosion of objectivity. Before the Tet offensive, journalists described 62 percent of their stories as victories for the U.S, 28 percent as defeats, and 2 percent as inconclusive. After Tet, 44 percent of the battles were deemed victories, 32 percent defeats, and 24 percent inconclusive3. In 1998 the airing of a report by CNN and Time Magazine of the U.S Special Forces alleged use of nerve gas against American defectors in the Vietnam War was repudiated by Special Forces veterans groups and high profile intelligence figures. Yet, CNN asserted itself as a credible news organization, saying it was concerned with stories of human affliction4. The Fairness Accuracy In Reporting (national media watchdog set up in 1986 to document media censorship, bias and erroneous reporting), however, declared some television coverage from the Vietnam War a mere fabrication5. The Persian Gulf war ushered in a period of rapid change for American media. Re-structuring of television networks and amendments to federal regulations6 spawned an era of satellite coverage and press pooling. Amended laws ensured television journalists became trusted agents of the U.S military whereby media correspondents were screened7; selective information was aired to U.S audiences. Press freedoms were challenged less for the militarys interest (worried about leaking of strategic intelligence) than the Administrations political agenda. Television coverage was dictated primarily by advancements in digital satellite technology. The Persian Gulf war was the first war to be televised using global satellite networks8. Fluid images were cast, as veteran CNN Bernard Shaw recalls, in peoples faces, due to globalization of television networks. The American Administration, evidence later indicated, utilized television images and newspaper reports to convince the public that Iraqi troops were threatening to invade oil rich Saudi Arabia. Though satellite images taken of Saudi Arabias border detailed a small number of Iraqi troops, U.S newspapers, news magazines and television networks drummed up reportage in line with the Administrations political agenda. Independent press and peace activists argued against the deployment of U.S troops to the area campaigning for a UN peace-keeping force to be sent. But such sentiments did not percolate into the U.S media. Although television coverage saturated airwaves to summon public support for a U.S invasion of the Persian Gulf, television feeds of suffering Kurds, and other Iraqis, prompted large segments of the public against military solutions for conflicts in the Middle East. Mark Rozell Professor of public policy at George Mason University punctuated the impact of wartime television coverage by citing a Gallup Poll: A January 1991 Gallup Poll revealed that 89 percent of the American people identified television as their main source of information about the war; only 8 percent of the American people identified radio and 2 percent newspapers. The U.S led invasion of Iraq saw satellite internet and television, and further sophistication in television equipment, help the myriad U.S news agencies who invested their time in covering the war. Though no formal evidence was tabled about alleged ties between Saddam Hussein and the perpetrators of 9/11, 32% of Americans, in a poll conducted by PIPA/KN9 in 2003, thought Saddam Hussein very likely to be personally involved in the terrorist attacks; 37% thought it was somewhat likely. This misinformation is attributable to the torrent of television broadcasts and print media directed at providing a repetition of incidents surrounding 9/11; repetition is a precursor for propaganda. International polling has suggested public opinion around the world has been strongly against unilateral action in Iraq without UN approval. Of the 38 countries surveyed majority support does not exist for the actions of the U.S10. The obfuscation of truth and deterioration of journalistic integrity was the result of savvy political maneuvering. Oversimplified television coverage of the Middle East has reduced it to a social and political backwater. The depiction of the bloody camera and weeping man (see appendix) represent the reality that wars can bring. The blood on the camera signifies the brutality of war alluding that wars may be captured on film or camera but the reality behind wars (the blood) cannot be captured objectively. The weeping man brings forth emotion involved in losing someone close. Such cultural and social sensitivities are not shown in U.S medias war coverage. Television has proved to be a useful tool for masking truth by producing neatly worded sound-bites. A poll conducted by PIPA/KN in 2003 asked Americans whether a majority of people in the Islamic world (would) favour or oppose the U.S led war efforts to fight terrorism, a plurality of respondents (48%) assumed the Islamic world favoured the war effort. Al Jazeera, brought the coverage of the Iraq war to 40 million Arab viewers, hoping to deliver free and independent news. Founded in 1996, its goal, according to Senior Producer Samir Khader is to educate the Arab masses on democracy, irrespective of the other opinion. Staffed by former members of the newly disbanded BBC Arabic television, all of whom are strong believers of a balanced and fair press, it has come under fire by the Arab and Western worlds for being the mouthpiece of the zionists and a mouthpiece of Osama Bin Laden respectively. The notion of absolute truth and reality of television coverage is undermined by the representations of Al Jazeera as both a mouth piece of the zionists and a mouth piece of Osama Bin Laden11. Al Jazeera cutting to commercials plays a 30-60 second montage of American war planes, American bombs exploding and American army tanks across the desert. These images have come under criticism from U.S Press Officers. Dichotomies of interest will remain affirms U.S military Press Officer Lt. Josh Rushing as long as Al Jazeera U.S media continue to play to their respective audiences: When I watch Al Jazeera I can tell what theyre showing and what theyre not by choice. Its the same thing when I watch Fox at the other end of the spectrum. It benefits Al Jazeera to play to Arab nationalism Just like Fox plays to American patriotism. Because thats their demographic12. Incessantly rolling out television images the media oversimplifies the coverage of war. An informed media covering factual stories free from political slant is increasingly important in a growing democracy. The media coverage of the Vietnam War led to degradation in journalistic integrity; the Persian Gulf conflict deepened political ties between the American Administration and the media; Iraq War is covered by a multitude of U.S news agencies but also an Arabic television news channel. Though the wars were covered by the media in different lights the widening political influence and diminishment of journalistic cannons have been common threads that have shaped our understanding of truth and reality. * * * Bibliography: Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting (FAIR); Website: [www.fair.org]. John Pilger, Heroes. (Johnathan Cape 1986, Vintage 2001), p.260. Hallin, Daniel C., The Uncensored War: The Media and Vietnam. Los Angles: California University of California Press, 1986. p. 161-162. A. Shah, Media, propaganda and Vietnam. [http://www.globalissues.org/HumanRights/Media/Propaganda/Vietnam.asp]. Created: Sunday, December 29, 2002; Last Updated: Friday, October 24, 2003. James Rennie, Desert Storm Front: Television News and Narrative Construction in the 1991 Gulf War, Honours Thesis 2004: [http://www.film.queensu.ca/Critical/Rennie2.html]. Capt Jon Mordan, Air Space Power Journal-Chronicles Online Journal (online-only companion to Air Space Power Journal; published quarterly), Document created: 6 June 99. Douglas Kellner, The Persian Gulf TV War. (Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1992). Program on International Policy Attitudes/Knowledge Networks; conducts global polls. Gallup Poll International. DVD, Control Room (2003); directed by Jehane Noujaim; (see appendix). Image 1: [http://www.oilempire.us/mediawar.html] Image 2: [http://www.thewe.cc/contents/more/archive2005/january/war_2005_january_images_1.html] Appendix 1: Appendix 2: 1 Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting (FAIR) 2 John Pilger, Heroes. (Johnathan Cape 1986, Vintage 2001), p.260 3 Hallin, Daniel C., The Uncensored War: The Media and Vietnam. Los Angles: California University of California Press, 1986. p. 161-162 4 A. Shah, Media, propaganda and Vietnam. [http://www.globalissues.org/HumanRights/Media/Propaganda/Vietnam.asp]. Created: Sunday, December 29, 2002; Last Updated: Friday, October 24, 2003 5 Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting (FAIR) 6 James Rennie, Desert Storm Front: Television News and Narrative Construction in the 1991 Gulf War, Honours Thesis 2004: [http://www.film.queensu.ca/Critical/Rennie2.html] 7 Capt Jon Mordan, Air Space Power Journal-Chronicles Online Journal (online-only companion to Air Space Power Journal; published quarterly), Document created: 6 June 99 8 Douglas Kellner, The Persian Gulf TV War. (Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1992). 9 Program on International Policy Attitudes/Knowledge Networks 10Gallup Poll International 11 DVD, Control Room (2003); directed by Jehane Noujaim; (see appendix).

Smokers Beware :: Smoking Health Tobacco Essays

Smokers Beware Paul Benko puts on his shirt and tie and begins the 15-minute walk to work. He is going to a job that has become a little bit more enjoyable since May 5, 2003. Benko, a non-smoker, has been happier at work as the manager of Our House East, a small bar on the Northeastern Campus in Boston, given that this bar no longer can allow smoking inside. â€Å"It used to get really smoky inside and was hard to breathe sometimes because it was so busy and everyone was smoking,† Benko said. â€Å"I would have to dry-clean my work clothes every week because all my nice shirts reeked of smoke.† The lack of a specified smoking section also caused this small campus bar to become extremely filled with smoke. â€Å"People used to walk around smoking, talking, and drinking,† Benko said. â€Å"It was gross and people used to burn each other all the time.† According to an Environmental Protection Agency study, nearly 3,000 people die each year from second-hand smoke. Much exposure to second-hand smoke is caused by having a spouse or co-workers who smoke or working in a place where anyone can smoke. The ban was instated to protect those non-smoker lungs and the lungs of children. â€Å"It was decided that people should not have to decide between their health and their jobs,† said Gifford Miller, New York City Council Speaker, when he announced New York City was going smoke free. A study done by the World Health Organization showed workplace exposure to second-hand smoke gave a 17 percent increased chance in developing lung cancer. While this number was not considered statistically significant it is still an unnecessary increase. Each year Massachusetts spends $4.8 million on tobacco prevention, control, and awareness programs, according to the American Lung Association. Besides the smoking ban, the biggest fight against smoking has been the tax rate. Massachusetts state law requires a tax of $1.51 per pack of cigarettes; one of the highest in the United States. Massachusetts is not the first place to fight for smoke-free air. Norway was first place in the world to ban smoking in all public places and Britain is in the process of creating a similar law. In the U.S., California and Delaware already have statewide bans of smoking in all indoor workplaces. Maine bans smoking in restaurants and many other states such as Montana, Arizona, and West Virginia are seeing individual cities and towns go smoke-free.

Macroeconomics: Should the Minimum Wage Increase? Essay

Minimum wage is the lowest wage permitted by law or by a special agreement that can be applied for an employee or put simply, the lowest amount of pay that an employee can make. Governments set a minimum wage on businesses in hope for reduced poverty and increases in the standard of living. Minimum wages are beneficial up to a line, when minimum wage is too high, it makes businesses make crucial decisions and must save money by firing workers, reducing output, and increasing prices on products. Over the years, the federal minimum wage has increased and has been beneficial up to the minimum wage increase in July 24, 2009 from $6.55 to $7.25. After the increase, the unemployment rate has soared and businesses fired worker and increased their prices. For this reason, it would be beneficial to the economy if the minimum wage is reduced back to $6.55 because it will decrease the unemployment rate, increase GDP, and help youth and unskilled workers in the job industry. The Great Depression was a devastating time for the United States with families having no income, there was no economic growth, and the poverty rate was at an all time high. To aid with the matter, President Roosevelt attempted to impose a federal minimum wage but was struck down by the Supreme Court. The Court continued to refuse to have a federal minimum wage over and over again. It was until chose a presidential nominee, and made a platform that supported minimum wages by the party’s presidential nominee, Alf Landon. After this, the Court decided to allow a minimum wage. Over the years, the government has increased the minimum wage from 25 cents in 1938 to $7.25 in 2009. The current debate in Congress now is that President Obama wants to raise the minimum wage to $9.50 which is going to be a bad idea for the economy, decreasing the minimum wage will benefit the economy for reasons that will be stated now. Human labor is very important to businesses even though technology is rapidly improving but if the minimum wage increases, the cost of human labor increases, so to deal with this, businesses must decrease output, increases prices, and ultimately fire employees. So if the minimum wage increases, the unemployment will also ultimately increase. Evidence of this occurring is seen through a recent minimum wage increase from $6.55 to $7.25. When the minimum wage increased from 2008 to 2009, the unemployment rate almost doubled. In 2008, the unemployment rate was 5.5% and in 2009, it increased to 11.2%. Decreasing the minimum wage will reverse this because human labor is cheaper, therefore businesses can increase output, lower prices, and hire more employees. This rapid increase unemployment rate is undesirable because of the huge economic cost for GDP. The economic cost is determined using Okun’s Law which is to double the unemployment rate to find the GDP gap, so the GDP gap for the year 2009 is 22.4%. Multiplying the GDP gap with the potential GDP gives the economic cost. The potential GDP in 2009 was about $13750 billion and multiplying this with the GDP gap 22.4% gives the economic cost of $3080 billion (McConnell, 2012, p. 175). The cost of this was way too high and the cost will increase much more if the minimum wage is increased, but if the m inimum wage was decreased, maybe the economic cost can be reversed. If the minimum wage can be decreased, the unemployment rate will also decrease, and GDP can increase. GDP is a monetary measure of the health of the economy. This is calculated by adding up all the expenditures made on final goods and services in the U.S or adding all the income mad in the U.S. If minimum wage is decreased, businesses and firms can increase output with more employees and lower prices. Since there are lower prices, there will be a higher demand so more goods and services can be sold thus increasing GDP making a bigger and healthier economy. For example, a man sells burgers and hires 10 people at $7.25 and minimum wage goes up to $9.50, the cost of ingredients goes up. The labor that is used in bringing the beef to market is paid with minimum wage. If those wages go up the cost of producing the beef will go up, ultimately driving up the price of beef. The man now can’t afford the price rise on raw ingredients because it will cause him to run at a deficit. Instea d he will have to raise prices and sell less burgers or make less output. Since there is less output to be made, fewer employees are needed so employees are fired. Since there is less burgers to be sold and it is at higher prices, not a lot of consumers will purchase the burgers and thus GDP will decrease. Decreasing the minimum wage will not just decrease unemployment and increase GDP; it will also benefit the working youth and unskilled workers as well. If the minimum wage decreases, businesses and firms can afford to hire more employees, including youth workers and unskilled workers and can train them. This gives youth and unskilled workers valuable experience which can help them with future job opportunities. If the youth and unskilled workers can at least get a job, they can work their way up the ladder and use the experience they get from the minimum wage job and use it as they rank up or pursue higher income jobs. There are many reasons for why decreasing the minimum wage would benefit the economy but there are those who oppose this view. Those who oppose this view say that decreasing the minimum wage will hurt the economy because lowering the minimum wage decreases the income of families so that they can purchase fewer goods and therefore decrease the GDP growth rate. There is another argument saying that is only fair to give an employee a â€Å"living wage† and can support at least a family of two for 40 hours a week. This is untrue because most employees that work minimum wage don’t work 40 hours a week anyway so it is already not a living wage but they don’t take the job for the short run, they do it to gain experience and can in the future work with other businesses that require past experience and will pay the employee a higher wage. As stated before, employees can work their way up the income ladder. Decreasing minimum wage is beneficial to the economy because of many reasons. It is beneficial because it reduces the unemployment rate, increases the GDP, and helps youth and unskilled workers with future job opportunities. This can be done by first refusing Obama’s plan of increasing minimum wage, and then starting a bill to reduce minimum wage. Minimum wage is needed to prevent employees getting an unfair pay but there is a limit on it, don’t raise the minimum wage too much Mr. President. References 2050., & 2000, u. f. (n.d.). Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Retrieved July 24, 2013, from http://www.cbo.gov/ Brownstein, R. (n.d.). A Short History of the Minimum Wage Fight – NationalJournal.com. NationalJournal.com. Retrieved July 24, 2013, from http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/a-short-history-of-the-minimum-wage-fight-20130214 Macroeconomics, global edition (19 ed., p. 175). (2012). 9. S.l.: Mcgraw Hill Higher Educat. Shemkus, S. (n.d.). Increasing the Minimum Wage: Pros & Cons – Salary.com. Welcome to Salary.com – Salary.com. Retrieved July 24, 2013, from http://www.salary.com/increasing-the-minimum-wage-pros-cons/ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). (n.d.). U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Retrieved July 24, 2013, from http://www.bea.gov/index.htm U.S. Department of Labor – Wage and Hour Division (WHD) – Minimum Wage. (n.d.). United States Department of Labor. Retrieved July 24, 2013, from http://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/coverage.htm

Elements of Gothic Literature Essay

Gothic literature was born in 1764 when Horace Walpole published The Castle of Otranto, which is considered to be the first gothic novel ever written. Gothic literature was originally written as a reaction to the age of reason, order, and the politics of eighteenth-century England. Containing anti-Catholic sentiments and mythical aspects, Gothic literature explored the tension between what we fear and what we desire. The stories were usually set in some kind of castle or old building that showed human decay and created an atmosphere of mystery and suspense. Often, one of the main characters would be some sort of damsel in distress, threatened by some man. The words chosen in these novels and short stories were very descriptive, creating overwrought emotion and often, feelings of gloom and horror. Also, within the plot, some sort of ancient prophecy, along with omens and visions, could usually be found. The most important elements to the structure of canonical gothic literature, however, are supernatural and unexplainable events. In The Castle of Otranto, much of the plot surrounds one unexplainable incident: a giant black helmet falls on Prince Conrad, thus killing him. Because of Prince Conrad’s death, Manfred, his father, captures a passing peasant, Theodore, and pursues Isabella, Conrad’s fiancee. Later, it is learned that Jerome (the minister) is Theodore’s father. If the helmet had never fallen on Conrad, Manfred never would have stopped Theodore, and Jerome would never have found his long lost son. Manfred, still believing that Theodore is guilty of dropping the helmet by sorcery, is ready to execute him. At this point in the story, Isabella’s long lost father appears, which halts Theodore’s execution. It is later learned that Isabella’s father found her because a dream he had led him to a monk, who led him to Otranto. The supernatural event here is the dream, which turned out to forecast reality. He accuses Manfred of not being the rightful ruler of Otranto. Eventually, everything is confirmed when the giant version of Alfonso the Good that has been living in the castle (another mysterious incident) breaks through the walls and proclaims Theodore the natural heir of Alfonso and the rightful ruler of Otranto. The Ruins of the Abbey of Fitz-Martin, whose author remains anonymous, also has a similar dependency on a chain of supernatural events. Sir Thomas Fitz-Martin acquires an abbey, which he finds in ruins. He is certain it can be repaired, so he and his people venture inside. Upon exploring the abbey, Fitz-Martin opens a door with difficulty, only to be met with severe shrieks from inside that particular room. Later in the story, the superstition surrounding those screams is explained. Evidently, every night, the ghost of St. Anna can be seen walking up to the altar. She stays there until midnight, and then walks to the south tower. She screams three times, and the ghost of the evil Baron, who possessed the abbey years before, comes. Then, Anna chases him with a â€Å"fire-brand† in one hand and a dead baby in her other arm. The two ghosts eventually come to the Baron’s old room, where â€Å"dismal yells and dying groans† can be heard from. Fiery lights surround the Baron’s old room until the clock that hasn’t been touched in years strikes two, or sometimes three o’clock. This story of supernatural occurrence strikes the curiosity of Rosaline, Sir Thomas Fitz-Martin’s daughter, who then decides to go investigate the south tower. When she does, she finds the torture chamber where they killed St. Anna so many years ago. She is debating whether or not to go in, when she hears a voice commanding her to enter. She feels almost possessed, as the voice tells her to reach inside the coffin. When she does, she pulls something out and takes it with her, fleeing in terror. It is the supernatural phenomenon of this voice that brings in St. Anna’s story, which is written on the papers with which Rosaline fled in terror. The Vampyre by John Polidori casts an interesting slant on the element of supernatural events. The entire story is a supernatural event because Lord Ruthven is a vampire, a supernatural creature. Before this is revealed to the reader, however, there are important unexplainable events that allude to his being a vampire and are of utmost importance to the story. It is the mystery of Lord Ruthven’s appearance that first attracts Aubrey to him, and thus begins the story. Aubrey wants to get to know him better, hopefully to  understand the enigma of his demeanor. They leave on a trip together, and Aubrey notices that Lord Ruthven is extremely charitable. He also notices, though, that Lord Ruthven always gives his money to the scoundrels of society, those who will piddle away the charity pursuing their vices. Then he realizes that all who receive money from Lord Ruthven end up far worse than they were before the charity. Although Aubrey cannot explain this, it intrigues him and makes him wonder if there isn’t a spark of evil in Lord Ruthven. Some time later, Aubrey receives letters from his sister and his guardians. The letter from his sister is very loving, but the letter from his guardians bears only bad and mysterious news. They tell him that his traveling companion is pure evil, that all the women at home that he wooed because of their virtues, have now come forth and shown that they are tainted, and pursue their vices publicly. The people of their town find this unexplainable and very unnerving. He was suspicious of Lord Ruthven’s evil before, but upon reading the letter, Aubrey decides that he must leave Lord Ruthven for the remainder of the trip. Aubrey travels to Greece, where he stays with a kind family and falls in love with their daughter, Ianthe, although he does not act on it. It is here that he learns the legend of the vampire. One day he goes to a place to research, and they tell him to be back before dark because of the vampire. He loses track of time and it is soon dark. He hears a scream and runs toward it. He finds a hut, and picks up a dagger that is inside. However, he is too late. Ianthe was murdered by the vampire. Aubrey falls into a fever and Lord Ruthven returns to him and nurses him back to health. Soon after this, they are attacked by robbers and Lord Ruthven is wounded. He dies, but makes Aubrey promise to him that he will not speak a word of his death. When Aubrey goes back for Lord Ruthven’s body, it is gone, and the robbers tell Aubrey that they had to put it in the moonlight the first night of Lord Ruthven’s death. They go to where they left the corpse, but it has mysteriously disappeared. Aubrey decides that it is time to go home. On his way home, he goes through Lord Ruthven’s things and finds a shaft that matches the dagger he found in the hut exactly. This confirms for Aubrey  that Lord Ruthven is the vampire. When he arrives home, his sister holds a drawing-room. Here, Aubrey is snatched by the arm and told to ‘remember his oath.’ Aubrey is dumbfounded because Lord Ruthven is supposed to be dead, but here he is, pursuing his sister. This drives him into a terrible fever. During this fever, he figures out that his sister is engaged to Lord Ruthven and fears for her. He tries to stop the wedding, but everyone thinks that he is crazy and dismisses him. His sister is killed at the end of the story. The fact that Lord Ruthven is a supernatural creature accounts for all of the supernatural events and the entire story. If he was not a vampire, his demeanor would never have attracted Aubrey initially, and Aubrey never would have gone traveling with Lord Ruthven. Had Aubrey not gone traveling with him, he never would have discovered that Lord Ruthven was a vampire, and gone crazy. If Aubrey had not gone crazy, he would have been able to stop the wedding and save his sister’s life. Supernatural and unexplainable events are crucial to the plot of a gothic story. Often, they act as the backbone of the plot and many of the circumstances and coincidences rest upon them. In The Castle of Otranto, they act as the coincidence drivers as well as supply some of the omens and visions, another element of gothic literature. They bring the real story to the surface in The Ruins of the Abbey of Fitz-Martin, and provide the foundation for the story in The Vampyre. Without the element of supernatural and unexplainable events, much of the canonical gothic literature would not stand on its own.

Boeing 700 Essays - Boeing 747, Airliners, Boeing 707, Boeing

Boeing 700 Essays - Boeing 747, Airliners, Boeing 707, Boeing Boeing 700 The Boeing 700s are very capable of handling duties in the commercial and military world. The Boeing 700s are capable of handling many tasks in the commercial and military world. With the introduction of the 707 in the late fifties to the most recent 777 in the early nineties the, 700s have dominated the commercial world for five decades. They are a line of aircraft that are capable of handling many roles from basic civilian transport to various military needs. They are the people movers of the 20th century. Each with a large carrying capacity combined with the range of a jet aircraft they have moved more people longer distances than what was once thought possible. Boeing has truly produced some of the greatest aircraft in history. The various duties that the 700s perform are quite extraordinary. It all started in the fifties. There was a growing demand for a commercial airliner that could move a greater number of people farther and faster. The age of the jet engine still had not reached to civilian transportation. There was still a fear of the jet because of lack of reliability, but with the advancement of technology the jet engine now had become more even reliable than the piston engine. The need for a jet engine powered plane was growing. Airlines still were looking for a plane that could cross the Atlantic Ocean without a refueling stop. The Lockheed Super Connies, a piston powered plane, were able to cross the Atlantic Ocean with out stopping on the eastbound leg, but they had to stop in Gander, Newfoundland to refuel on the westbound leg. The airlines desired a plane that could easily travel the Atlantic with out a stop. The piston engine just wasnt going to do it, the jet engine was the answer to the question. Boeing realized this and moved to look for a design for a j et powered plane. At first Boeing was looking to modify existing aircraft with jet engines to perform the tasks. They quickly realized that they needed a whole new aircraft. The Boeing 707 was born. The first Boeing 707 was delivered to Pan America airlines in May of 1958 (Bauer, 218). Sales started out slow in fact the 707 almost died many times in its first couple years of existence. It wasnt until Boeing modified the 707 by increasing the overall length, the wing span, and adding more powerful engines did the 707 confirm its place in as a commercial transporter. With the new modifications the 707 became a very capable aircraft, crossing the Atlantic Ocean became a routine affair. With the introduction of the 707 transatlantic travel doubled in two years (Bauer, 195). Airlines profitability soared due to the new capabilities of the 707 presented. The 707 began a new era and improved the way people are flown. The 707 being the first major jet airliner saw many applications and variations in its lifetime. There were thirteen variations of the 707, they varied in capacity, range, and speed (Wright,49). Each variation was designed to meet a specific needs of an individual airline. Some 707s could carry a larger capacity of passengers over a shorter distance, were as another variant could carry fewer passengers over a longer distance. With all of these variations the 707 left little room for the Douglas DC-8 which was once though to be a major treat to Boeing. The 707 could meet any need of an airline; this is one reason that made the 707 such a versatile aircraft and why it dominated the market. The 707 also saw plenty of action in uniform. Its most useful application came in the way of the KC-135 Stratotanker. It was modified to perform in-flight refueling task for the United States Air Force. The 707 saw a healthy lifespan as the KC-135, of the 735 units build in the early sixties 550 still remain in service today (www.Boeing.com). The 707 also had the very privileged role of presidential transport. As Air Force One it started its career in 1962 and served seven Presidents. It was only to be replace by one of its bigger brothers the Boeing 747. Another of one of its more interesting applications

Essay on Philosophy Aristotle

Essay on Philosophy Aristotle Essay on Philosophy Aristotle Essay on Philosophy AristotleAccording to Aristotle, a human being behaves morally and reaches eudaimonia the state of human flourishing when he or she practices moral virtues. A virtue in Aristotelian sense is a specific pattern of behavior, a tendency to think, desire, act and feel in an appropriate, harmonious way (Mosser, 2013). Different philosophers defined virtues in different ways; in particular, Aristotle in his Nichomachean Ethics defined virtue as the optimal middle between an overly expressed trait and a lack of that trait (Mosser, 2013). Furthermore, Aristotle emphasized that a virtue was not merely an average point between the two extremes, rather it was a weighed choice of behavior according to the time, situation and circumstances (Warburton, 2004).In my opinion, two key virtues that are important to living a successful life are confidence and courage. Confidence forms the basis on ones life and shapes self-perception of an individual, perception of this individual by others and the alignment between these perceptions. The person who has confidence objectively perceives own self with all positive and negative sides and strives to reduce negative aspects while enhancing positive characteristics. Someone who lacks confidence might be either overly self-focused and arrogant, or self-humiliating. In both cases, it is not possible to flourish without confidence because social relationships will be distorted.With regard to courage, the characteristic behavior of a courageous person is taking risks and responsibility when it is appropriate and avoiding unnecessary or excess risks or responsibilities. Someone who lacks courage cannot flourish because he or she might miss new opportunities and might be vulnerable to aggression and impudence. Those people who are too courageous and take all risks without consideration also cannot flourish since they will sooner or later make damage to themselves due to such risk-taking.Therefore, confidence can be viewe d as a harmonious balance between conceit and self-deprecation, and courage can be viewed as the middle between cowardice and recklessness. These conclusions support Aristotles concepts of virtues as the golden mean between the lack of certain quality and the excess of this quality.

The Complete List of SAT Subject Tests

The Complete List of SAT Subject Tests SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT Subject Tests are a chance for you to show where you have specialized knowledge. With these tests, you can indicate to colleges which subjects interest you and which you've taken the time to get to know well. With that being said, how can you decide which SAT Subject Test to take? First, let's take a look at all the SAT Subject Tests from which you can choose. List of SAT Subject Tests In total, there are21 SAT Subject Tests (we're counting Biology E and Biology M as two separate tests). Nine of these tests cover four core subject areas- English literature, history, math, and science: Literature US History World History Math Level 1 Math Level 2 Biology - Ecological Biology - Molecular Chemistry Physics The other12 Subject Tests cover nine different languages. Half of these tests have a listening component: French French with Listening German German with Listening Spanish Spanish with Listening Modern Hebrew Italian Latin Chinese with Listening Japanese with Listening Korean with Listening Simply put,there are 21 different variations of tests to choose from. All SAT Subject tests cover 13 subject areas- four core courses and nine languages. Now, let's take a look at how many students take each SAT Subject Test, from most to least. We'll also show you the average scores these students achieve on the tests: SAT Subject Test Average Score # of Test Takers (2016-18) Math Level 2 693 427,765 Chemistry 666 208,588 US History 640 178,258 Physics 667 169,950 Math Level 1 605 162,998 Literature 607 150,361 Molecular Biology 650 116,622 Ecological Biology 618 91,866 Spanish 647 51,808 World History 622 43,660 French 628 18,725 Chinese with Listening 760 13,173 Latin 626 7,088 Spanish with Listening 662 6,937 Korean with Listening 761 5,364 French with Listening 668 3,819 Japanese with Listening 703 3,436 German 620 1,875 Italian 666 1,396 German with Listening 618 1,297 Modern Hebrew 612 980 Source: SAT Subject Tests Percentile Ranks As you can see, the tests based on core courses- i.e., literature, math, history, and science- tend to attract the largest number of students. When it comes to tests that have listening and non-listening options, more students typically opt for the non-Listening option. You'll also notice a large variation in the average scores of SAT Subject Tests. A higher mean score does not necessarily mean that the test is easier; instead,it likely means that students who opt for that test know that subject really, really well. Check out our analysis of which SAT Subject Tests are the easiest based on their average scores and other factors. Now that you know what options you have, how can you decide which Subject Test to take? How to Decide Which SAT Subject Tests to Take In order to decide which Subject Tests to take, you'll need to think about a variety of factors, from what kinds of tests colleges want to what subjects you're especially skilled at. We introduce three important questions to ask yourself before you commit to a particular Subject Test. #1: What Do the Colleges You're Applying to Want? First off, you need to know the testing requirements of the colleges you're applying to.How many Subject Tests does each of your schools want you to take? Is one a technology school that'll take a close look at your knowledge in math and science? Or is one a liberal arts college that wants you to demonstrate a range of abilities by taking one test in literature and another in math? Some colleges have adoptedtest-optional or test-flexible policies,which means you might be able to submit scores from Subject Tests in place of scores from the general SAT or ACT. Check out our article for the full list of colleges with these policies. These approaches can be really helpful for you to know as they let you shape your application in a way that's best for you. Another factor to consider is placement in college classes. Some colleges might prefer listening language tests to non-listening language tests, for example, because they demonstrate that extra dimension of fluency. If you're a native speaker, the listening language test will likely be pretty easy for you to achieve a great score on. If you're not a native speaker, however, you want to make sure that your language skills have reached a very high level before taking a language Subject Test. College requirements and expectations play the biggest role in which SAT Subject Tests you decide to take. But within those requirements, you might still have several options. Now you have to consider where you can best demonstrate your subject mastery. #2: Which Subjects Do You Know Best? The SAT Subject Tests test your knowledge of a particular subject rather than your reasoning skills. In this way, they're closely aligned with your high school classes and the finals or AP exams you take to demonstrate your content and conceptual knowledge. Since people often devote more time to learning about things that actually interest them, the SAT Subject Tests essentially tell a story about you- what you're interested in and have dedicated time to understanding. For instance, ifyou love reading and analyzing books, you should probably take the Literature test. Not only will you be more likely to get a high score on it, but you'll also be indicating your personal interests to admissions officers. As you can see, the SAT Subject Tests offer one more way you can individualize your college applications and tell a story about your personality and identity. By the way, did you know you have six chances a year to take a Subject Test?In other words, you don't have to wait until your junior year to take one. You might be ready to take the Biology or Chemistry tests, for example, at the end of your freshman or sophomore year. The two Math tests, on the other hand, typically require several years of high school-level math. Despite the many opportunities you have to take an SAT Subject Test, generally speaking,the best time to take one isnear the end of the school year,when you've been studying all the relevant material and the content is still fresh in your mind. #3: Which Format Is Best for You? The third and final factor has to do with the format of the Subject Test. As we've touched on above, some tests have language components while others don't, and others- such as the Biology tests- have two different versions to choose from. Language Tests As mentioned previously, the French, Spanish, and German language tests offer listening and non-listening options. If you have strong listening skills, the listening versions of the tests will be a great way to demonstrate fluency. They might also place you in a higher level once you get to college. (Check with the individual college on this policy as some have their own placement tests.) If you don't feel confident in your listening skills, on the other hand, your best bet would be to take the non-listening option or another SAT Subject Test altogether. The language tests tend to be difficult to score highly on if your language skills are limited to a classroom environment. Biology Are you intrigued by populations and energy flow within systems? Or do you prefer to know how cells work and talk about the ins and outs of photosynthesis? There are two options for the Biology Subject Test: Ecological Biology and Molecular Biology. While both tests share a core 60 questions, each also has an additional 20 questions with either an ecological or molecular focus. You can further explore the differences between these two tests and try practice questions here. Math If you're taking a math Subject Test, you have to decide between Math Level 1 and Math Level 2. For Level 1, you'll need to have taken at least two years of algebra and one year of geometry. By contrast, for Level 2, you should have taken these plus some trigonometry and pre-calculus. Both tests require you to use a graphing calculator, but Level 2 requires more complex use of the calculator. You can learn more about the Math Level 1and Math Level 2tests by visiting the College Board website. As is the case with the listening language tests, Math Level 2 has a higher mean score and lower standard deviation, meaning most students who take it score near the relatively high mean score of 693. Therefore, if you're not super confident in your math skills, it'll likely be harder to score in a high percentile. And don't be alarmed if you score an 800 on SAT Math 2 and see you're only in the top 79th percentile- getting a perfect score matters more than what percentile it is! Conclusion: Finding the Best SAT Subject Tests for You Ultimately, you're the expert on your own learning. You know what captivates you or makes you fall asleep. You also know whether you learn best by seeing, listening, doing, or combining some of these methods. You've probably already been drawn to and chosen the high school classes that'll determine which exams on this list of SAT Subject Tests you should take. You know yourself better than anyone else, so as long as you research the Subject Tests and have a strong sense of what'll be on them- and know what your colleges' requirements are!- you will make the right decision about SAT Subject Tests. What's Next? Another important consideration about SAT Subject Tests is when to take them- especially when you have to schedule them around the regular SAT/ACT and all your other activities. Check out our article on thebest dates to take the SAT Subject Tests. Are you also studying for the SAT or ACT?Read all about when you should start preparing and how you can design a balanced SAT/ACT schedule. Want that coveted 1600 SAT score or 36 ACT score? Read our famous guides to scoring a perfect SAT score and a perfect ACT scoreto get started! Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below: